晚清时期中国的牛奶业与牛奶市场——以东部地区为例

Milk industry and market in China in the late Qing Dynasty

中国牛奶业产生于19世纪70年代至20世纪初。在晚清的这一时期,国内牛奶商户不断涌现,专门乳用品种牛不断引进,牛奶产销两旺,已经形成了牛奶的产、供、销产业链。但牛奶生产的规模不大,技术和设备落后,没有掌握罐装牛奶的技术,加工上市的牛奶品种有限,不能生产奶粉和炼乳,不具备与外国牛奶业竞争的实力。外国牛奶在中国市场很注重广告营销,销售量不断增长。这一时期中国牛奶业存在两大质量问题,一是牛奶掺水现象很严重,二是病牛照旧挤奶。但这些问题的严重性、危害性远不及当时的欧美牛奶业。

Milk industry started from the early 1870s to the 1900s. During this period, there were a lot of domestic businesses operating milk, many varieties of specialized dairy cows were gradually brought into China, production and sales of milk became popular in the market, and milk production, supply and marketing chain were formed. But the size of the milk industry was still relatively small, and technology and equipment were backward. As a result, milk industry in China did not have the power to compete against foreign milk industry. Foreign milk focused on advertising, and its sales had continued to grow in the Chinese market. There were two previous quality problems in Chinese milk industry. First, the phenomenon of milk being mixed with water was very serious. Second, sick cows were milked as usual. But these problems were even overweighed by the European and American milk industries.