论19世纪西方现代科学文化及科技文明的形成

The Formation of Modern Scientific Culture,Scientific and Technological Civilization of the West in the 19^(th) Century

在19世纪的西方,自然科学诸多学科获得独立的学科地位,从而形成了自然科学学科体系。在自然科学知识的凝缩和理想化方面,19世纪无疑是伟大的综合时代;19世纪也是科学研究的职业化时代,科学家中间逐渐开始了理论家与实验家之间的分化、专门化;正是在这种新的社会环境和全新的社会建制中,科学竞争的内容和机制也发生了质的变化。在整个19世纪,科学研究引发了实用发明的迅速喷发,技术飞快地前进。在19世纪的欧洲和美国,科学以技术-器用这样一种文明渐渐被理解。

Marked by the great synthesis of the electromagnetic theory,the paradigm of Newtonian classic mechanics in physics developed to its peak in the 19 th century.The multi-path breakthrough was realized in the domain of chemistry：All sub-subjects in this discipline went hand in hand with each other.In biology,the twin revolutions in physiological anatomy and species taxonomy were realized.The result was that many disciplines of natural sciences became independent and thus the disciplinary system of natural science took shape.In terms of the condensation and idealization of the knowledge of natural science,the 19 th century is without doubt a great era of synthesis.It is also the era of professionalization of scientific research.Specialization of theorists and experimenters began among scientists.It was in this new social environment and brand new social institution that the content and mechanism of scientific competition took qualitative changes.In the whole 19 th century,scientific research promoted the rapid spurt of practical invention and rapid progress of technology.In both Europe and America in the 19 th century,science in the form of technology was gradually understood.