中国“天人合一”思想的形成与发展

Formation and Evolvement of the Concept of “Unity of Man and Nature”

"天人合一"代表着中华民族自古及今的一贯追求,也是传统的儒道墨三家所共同认可的一种基本精神。"天人合一"之所以能够涵盖儒道墨三家而成为中国文化精神之代表,关键取决于中国农耕文明的出现与"天"之观念的形成,由此而有"天下""天命"与"天人合一"追求。在经历了夏商周王权之递相取代与其不同天命观的演变之后,至西周才形成以"德性"承接"天命",而以礼乐制度作为"天人合一"之具体落实。到了春秋时代,由于礼崩乐坏,从而形成以儒道墨为代表而以夏商周三代为方向之不同的"天人合一"进路;由于儒家的主体精神与孔子之不懈努力,终于使"天人合一"进入个体层面,并成为中国"天人合一"之主流。又经过从先秦至宋明历代儒者的继起努力,最后形成"民胞物与"与"万物一体"的追求,从而也就使超越性追求与普遍性落实成为儒家"天人合一"精神之不可或缺的两翼。

From the ancient times till now, Chinese people have been pursuing the concept of ＂Unity of Man and Nature＂, a basic spiritual essence, acknowledged by Confucianism, Taoism and Mohism. It can represent all of the three schools and Chinese cultural spirit due to the advent of China＇s farming civilization and the formation of the concept of ＂heaven＂, hence followed by ＂China＂, ＂destiny＂ and the pursuit of ＂Unity of Man and Nature＂. After the replacement of Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties and the evolvement of different fatalistic concepts, ＂virtue＂ is further carried forward by ＂destiny＂ till the Western Zhou Dynasty, the rite and music system in the Zhou Dynasty is the concrete implementation of the concept of ＂ Unity of Man and Nature＂ Owing to the Confucian spirit and Confucius＇s persistent effort, the concept comes into the individual level and becomes the mainstream. Through the continuous effort of Confucians in the successive dynasties of Pre-Qin Period, Song and Ming dynasties, the pursuit of ＂Love of all people and all things＂ and ＂Theory about everything on earth being of the same body＂ has taken shape, the transcendent pursuit and the universal implementation have become two indispensable parts of Confucian concept of ＂Unity of Man and Nature＂.