试论洋务运动中“官督商办”的企业经营形式

On “Government-supervised and Merchant-managed” form of Enterprise Management in the Westernization Movement

"官督商办"是洋务运动时期政府招募私人资本创建中国近代民用企业的一种经营形式。其中,"官督"是政府职能的行使,以督察企业内部的矛盾,并对企业加以扶持和保护;"商办"则是由商人出资认股,参与企业的经营管理且自负盈亏。官督商办是历史的选择,有其产生的必然性,也是在当时特定历史背景下官与商相互妥协的产物。它在一定程度上为民族资本主义的发展奠定了基础,促进了中国近代工业化的进程。但后期随着"官督"的加强,官督商办企业已不能适应新的经济环境,并逐渐被商办企业所取代,退出了历史舞台。

＂Government-supervision and merchant-management＂ is a form of business which recruiting private capital to create modern Chinese civilian enterprises during the Westernization Movement. ＂Government-supervision＂ is the exercise of the functions of the government to supervise internal contradictions between enterprises, and support and protect enterprises. ＂Merchant-management＂ is funded by businessmen warrants, to participate in the operation and management, and responsibility for their own profits and losses. Government-supervision and merchant-management is the choice of history, it is inevitable, also the product of specific historical background of the compromise between the government and businessmen. To a certain extent, lay the foundation of the development of national capitalism, and promote the process of modern industrialization in China. But later with the strengthening of official supervision, Government-supervision and merchant-management business can not adapt to the new social environment, was replaced by commercial enterprises gradually, and exited the stage of history.