1492年前的拉丁美洲建筑

Architecture in Latin America Prior to 1492

美洲的最早建筑案例可追溯到公元前3 500年的安第斯地区及公元900年的中美洲地区。数个世纪以来,本土建筑是通过对场所的全面解读(地貌、地理文脉和天文学)而形成,在设计上没有什么是可以随意决定的。然而,随着西班牙对这个地区的征服和殖民,本土地区干年的建筑传统经历了不寻常的变化,从某种程度上来讲,是不可逆转的变化。从1492年到1810年,1000多个建成的城镇全是欧洲带过来的建筑样式,从而致使土著建筑做法绝迹。追述1 492年前关键建筑的发展,并根据三个主题对他们进行分析:空间组织和形式,材料和技术,以及艺术融入建筑。

The earliest examples of architecture in the Americas date back to 3.500BC（in the Andean region） and 900AD（in Mesoamerica）.For centuries,architecture was informed by a holistic understanding of the site：the landform,the context＇s geography,and astronomy.Nothing in the design was a random decision.However,following Spain＇s conquest and colonization of the region,the indigenous millenary architectural tradition went through a dramatic—and to some extent,irreversible—shift.From 1492 to 1810,over 1 000 cities and towns were settled and populated with architectural models brought from Europe,contributing to the eradication of indigenous building practices.This article traces key architectural developments prior to 1492 and analyze these along three themes：spatial organization and form,materials and technology,and the integration of art into architecture.