卢梭宗教理论视野下的国家理想

Rousseau's National Ideal in Perspective of His Religion Theory

在宗教思想史上,卢梭的宗教理论是一套十分具有革命性质的理论。他的宗教观点中潜藏着对于任何形式的既成宗教的威胁。但是,卢梭宗教理论的革命性不仅仅停留在宗教思想层面,他提出的"公民宗教"的概念,还具备政治思想上的革命性。公民宗教是依据社会契约而设立的新型的政治宗教,也即国家宗教。而卢梭得出这种革命性的宗教观经历了一个否定之否定的内在辩证过程,是在扬弃自然宗教和人类宗教的基础上形成的。自然宗教关注地上的事物,人类宗教关注天上的事物,公民宗教则又重新把天上的事物拉回到地上,试图调和强调天上社会的人类宗教与强调地上法律义务实践的国家之间的矛盾。

In the history of religion, Rousseau＇s theory of religion has the revolutionary nature. Rousseau imposed himself as the most radical advocate of Protestantism in the 18th -century, but contrary to his subjective intention, he held a negative attitude to both Catholic and Protestantism. And there is a threat to any form of existing religion hidden in his religion points. However, the revolutionary character in Rousseau＇s theory not only stayed in the religious thought, it was also reflected in his political thoughts, particularly in the concept of ＂Civil Religion＂. Civil religion, which can also mean state religion, is a new type of po- litical religion established by social contract. Rousseau obtained it through an inherent dialectical process of negation of negation, a sublate of Natural Religion and Human Religion. While the former focuses on things of the earth, Gospel Religion （the latter） concerns things of the heaven, but Civil Religion again puts them back to the earth from heaven, reconciling the contradiction be- tween gospel religion, which emphasizes the heaven, and the state, which emphasizes the legal obligations on earth.