日韩违宪审查制度比较及其启示

Comparison of Constitutional Review Systems in Japan and South Korea and Its Enlightenment to Our Country

违宪审查是维护宪法权威、保障人权的基础性制度。日本违宪审查制度的特点是以最高法院和下级法院为主体,通过具体的案件进行附带式的违宪审查,其审查对象是法律、命令、规则和处分。韩国则由专门的宪法法院来行使违宪审查权。日本和韩国的违宪审查制度均与我国目前通过全国人大及其常委会在立法层面进行的宪法审查不同。考虑到日本和韩国在违宪审查制度方面的有益做法,我国可以采取在全国人大内部设置专门的宪法委员会对法律和行政法规进行违宪审查,同时各级法院对除法律和行政法规之外的法规等进行违法审查,这种二合一的模式符合我国的宪法框架,也具有现实的可行性。

Constitutional review system is the basic system to maintain the constitution authority and protect human rights. In Japan＇s constitutional review system in Japan, the Supreme Court and lower courts are the main bodies which examine law, or- ders, regulations and dispositions and which operate incidental constitutional review through specific cases. However, South Ko- rea has a specialized constitutional court to exercise the right of constitutional review. Neither in Japan nor in South Korea does the constitutional review system bear any similarity with that passed by National People＇s Congress （NPC） and its Standing Com- mittee at the legislative level. Taking the advantages of constitutional review system in Japan and South Korea into consideration, we can adopt this mode： a specific constitutional committee within the National People＇s Congress is set up to operate the consti- tutional review on laws, administrative rules and regulations; at the same time, the courts at all levels review the law except what are mentioned above. This mode conforms to our country＇s constitutional framework and has practical feasibility as well.