西安汉墓出土漆陶器的科学研究

A scientific study on the lacquered potteries excavated from the Han dynasty tombs in Xi'an

采用能量色散X射线荧光(EDXRF)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)及电子探针(EPMA)等手段对陕西西安市汉墓出土的陶器残片进行了测试分析,结果表明:这批陶器中有北方汉墓鲜有报道的红色彩绘漆陶器,其红色颜料为较常见的朱砂(HgS)。显微结构研究显示至少存在三种类型的陶器:其一,陶胎上先通体涂绘含高锰和铁化合物的棕黑色陶衣,其中MnO和FeO的质量分数超过20%,后再施红色彩绘层;其二,陶胎上先涂一层薄漆层后再进行彩绘;其三,先在陶胎上做底灰层,再刷一层薄漆,然后进行彩绘。漆层中都存在添加骨灰和石英的现象,漆灰层中有添加高铁物质及黏土的现象,其中FeO的质量分数达22%。研究结果不但扩展了陶器的种类,也为漆陶器的保护提供了科学依据。

The lacquered pottery wares unearthed from the Han dynasty tombs in Xi＇an were analyzed using Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence （EDXRF）, X-Ray Diffraction （XRD）, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer （FTIR） and Electro-Probe Micro-Analyzer （EPMA）. The results show that some wares exist lacquered potteries painted with red HgS stain, which were rarely discovered from the Han dynasty tombs in Northern China. The microstructure analysis indicates that there are at least three types of pottery wares. Type 1： the pottery body was applied with a dark brown coating before pained in red color. The coating＇s total content of MnO and FeO is higher than 20 wt.%. Type 2： the pottery body was thinly lacquered before being painted in colors. Type 3： the pottery body was applied with a base plaster layer, then thinly lacquered, and finally painted in colors. The additions of bone ash and quartz to lacquer layer are commonly found. High iron mineral and clay have been added to the plaster layer with FeO content higher than 22 wt.%. This study can not only increase the pottery species, but also provide scientific methods for the conservation of lacquered potteries.