清朝与哈萨克汗国首次通使若干问题再探讨

The First Diplomatic Contact between the Qing Dynasty and the KazakhK hanate

清朝与哈萨克汗国正式交往,始于乾隆朝中期。本文以中国第一历史档案馆藏满文录副奏折为核心史料,结合其他相关史料,分析清朝与左部哈萨克首领阿布赉、右部哈萨克众首领间的首次使者往来,确定了哈萨克最早遣使表示归附清朝的时间,考察乾隆帝对哈萨克政策的转变过程。针对学界普遍公认的清哈间首次通使发生于乾隆二十年(1755)传统观点,在清朝与左、右部哈萨克首次通使时间、双方所遣使者各为何人以及阿布赉归附动机及清廷具体考量方面提出管见,以供同好。

Formal contacts between the Qing Dynasty and the Kazakh Khanate started in the mid- Qianlong period. This article uses Manchu archives stored in the First Historical Archives of China as the core material in combination with related historical resources,to analyze diplomatic contacts between the Qing Dynasty and the leader of the left branch of the Kazakhs,Abulai,and major leaders of the right branch of the Kazakhs,to demonstrate that from the earliest times the Kazakhs showed their willingness to submit to the Qing Dynasty by sending envoys. The author analyzes the process of the Qianlong Emperor ’s changing policy towards Kazakh. Building on the foundation of previous studies,most of which agree on the direct contact between Qing Dynasty and Kazakh Khanate began in 1755. This paper advances new arguments on the specific timing of the submissions of left branch of the Kazakhs,right branch of the Kazakhs submitted to Qing Dynasty,the identities of specific envoys,and the desire of Abulai and his realistic consideration regarding submission to the Qing.