清代“哈哈珠子”考释——兼论满文“haha juse”与“haha jui”的翻译

Some Explanations of the ‘Haha Juse'in the Qing Dynasty

"哈哈珠子"是满文"haha juse"的音译,即"haha jui"(男童)的复数形式。他们由清代宫廷教育中的伴读发展而来。至迟在康熙十二年(1673),"haha juse"的词性发生了变化,由名词的复数形式变为一种特定称谓,专门指称由伴读出身的皇子侍读及侍卫。哈哈珠子在康熙时期权势最盛,成为清代皇权与王权政治生活中的一支隐形力量,而后又在皇权高度集中与强化的雍乾时期走向没落,至晚清已彻底沦为皇子的服侍人员,不复有昔日威权。清帝对哈哈珠子的控制体现了对皇权利益最大化的追求。满文档案的撰写者已有意区别"haha juse"与"haha jui"两类完全不同的群体,而晚清时人已含混不清,今人在翻译档案时,又一概译为"哈哈珠子"或"孩童",更加模糊了两者的界限,也影响了学人对史料的理解。

＂哈哈珠子＂is the Chinese transliteration of the Manchu term‘haha juse. ’The term was originally a plural noun that referred to young boys who were ‘reading partners’ in the Court Education. By 1673 at the latest,the word ‘haha juse’had become a specific name for the prince’s ‘reading partner’who was also one of the prince’s guards. ‘Haha juse’were most powerful during the Kangxi reign,and became an invisible force in political life. Afterwards,emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong gradually strengthened imperial power,and the position of the ‘haha juse’was weakened. By the end of the Qing Dynasty,‘haha juse’had become a group of attendants and no longer had authority. The authors who composed the Manchu archives had intentiuonally distinguished between the two meanings of the term. By the late Qing the changing roles of ‘haha juse’were misunderstood. Contemporary translators of Manchu archives have confused the meanings and this confusion has influenced modern scholars.