人工草地建设原理与生产范式

Principles and paradigms for developing artificial pastures

人工草地种植规模和生产水平是衡量一个国家畜牧业发达程度的标志.本文阐述了人工草地在未来世界食物生产与维持食物安全中的作用,综述了世界人工草地发展现状,分析并讨论了我国人工草地发展现状与未来趋势,探讨了高效可持续人工草地建设的原理、关键科学问题、关键技术与发展范式.分析表明,目前世界人工草地发展更加依赖于丰富多样的牧草种质资源、先进的生产加工管理技术、高度专业化的生产经营管理、苜蓿带与饲养带高度耦合和政府的高度重视与大力扶持.在我国,人工草地高效发展主要受到水分有效性的极大限制,因此人工草地建设必须在可持续性原理的大框架下开展设计,建立"精细草业"的概念与理论体系,研发出高度人工设计和定向干预的人工草地调控技术,对草地生态系统进行适应性管理;我国人工草地发展需要高度重视人工草地区域布局、人工草地类型选择、人工草地与家畜饲养带耦合、草地与耕地功能置换等战略问题.目前我国人工草地发展技术基本成熟,草牧业发展受到了国家的高度重视,人工草地种植带与饲养带整合的大环境基本具备.

The cultivation area and yield of artificial pastures are a symbol reflecting the development level of animal husbandry in a country. In this paper, the critical roles of artificial pastures in safeguarding world＇s grain and food security were elaborated, and the present status and future trends in the development of artificial pastures worldwide in general, and in China in particular, were reviewed. The principles, key scientific and technical issues and development paradigms in establishing high-efficiency and sustainable pastures were summarized. Our analyses show that the major trend in the development of artificial pastures worldwide is characterized by diverse and rich genetic resources of forage species, advanced technology and management, highly specialized sectors, close coupling of the cultivation zone and the animal-raising zone, as well as substantial promotion of the government. Because the development of artificial pastures is largely dependent on the status of soil water and frost free period in north China. Therefore, accurate-farming of pastures should be exploited and adopted with great efforts both theoretically and practically to develop highly human-oriented and designed techniques for regulating and interfering pasture cultivation and processing and utilization of forages. Special emphasis should be laid on the regional distribution of cultivation zones, coupling of the cultivation zone and the animal-raising zone, and functional conversion and replacement between croplands and pastures. Based on our decade-long field studies and extension work in the agro-pastoral zone of north China, we put forward three optimized production paradigms for developing artificial pastures and related economic sectors. Finally, we advocate the urgency for formulating a scientifically based national route-map of developing artificial pastures in China.