《楚辞·九章》中的“节士喻”及其文学渊源

Analogy of Men with Integrity in Chuci and Its Historical Origin

屈原是战国时期承前启后的伟大诗人,历代学者论及屈原卓绝的艺术表达技巧时,多言及其善于从《诗经》中学习比兴手法,而少论及《诗经》的赋法对屈原的影响。《诗经》雅、颂中多用赋法称引历史人物,这一点被屈原所吸收并继承,屈原在《离骚》等篇中也称引历史人物,但与《离骚》多引明君贤臣或者暴君奸臣的人物不同,《九章》称引的历史人物多是节士,且用来自比,可以称之为"节士喻"。"节士喻"是"托人言志",屈原把"节士"作为载体,通过"节士"人物的忠诚、廉洁、正直、守信的品质,以及投水、自枯等不惜死行为事迹来抒发自己的情感。在《九章》中,诗人是将"节士喻"与"芳草喻"结合起来综合使用的,"节士"助喻"芳草","芳草"也喻"节士",两者共同成为抒情的手段,将《诗经》以来的比兴手法大大地向前推进了一步,反映了屈原在艺术上的不懈探索与创新精神。

Qu Yuan is a great poet in the Warring State Period. When discussing on his outstanding techniques of expression, scholars prefer to focus on his inheritance of analogy from Book of Poems and keep in shadow the influence of Book of Poems on him. There are lots of men with integrity, and the analogy about integrity of Chuci. The man with integrity have fine qualities, such as loyalty, cleanness, honesty, reliability, and there the historical personage before the poet. Qu Yuan is one of the men with integrity, and he also has fine qualities. He expresses these qualities in his poem Jiuzhang. Due to the reason that the men with integrity are regarded as the way of expressing Quyuan＇s emotion, the way could be named as The Spring and Autumn Annals＇ way of expression.