私人如何影响言论自由——一个美国法上的观察

On Private Persons' Influence on the Freedom of Speech——An Observation on US Law

对言论自由的危害并不只来源于国家,宪法基本权利对于自由的保障也包括防御来自非国家的侵害。通过对政府授权或默许的"私人审查"、媒介编辑裁量权、媒介所有权集中三种较为典型的私人影响言论自由的方式展开讨论,以美国通讯传播法制的管制历史为背景,分析学界、行政管制机关、法院在面对前述问题时提出了何种主张、做出了何种决定。最后回归理论层面,探讨在面对私人影响言论自由时国家角色的转换与定位,如何实现与言论自由的价值之间的调和。

The enemies to freedom of speech not only come from the State,but from the protection of basic constitutional rights of freedom which include the defense against any infringement taken by other enterprises. This article discusses the impact on freedom of speech caused by private forces and the regulation taken by government to balance or to resist the private forces in the US law. This article respectively analyses three types of private forces： the private censorship authorized by the government,media editor discretion and media ownership. Based on the background of US communicative law, which claims and decisions do scholars,administrative regulatory agency and the courts raise？ Finally,this paper returns to the theoretical level to indicate the role of the State in face of the private forces and how to coordinate with the value of freedom of speech.