美国城市犯罪控制模式的变革

Reform of urban crime control model in the United States

20世纪六七十年代,由于民权运动、反战、政府危机等原因,美国社会陷入了剧烈动荡之中。随之而来的是全国,尤其是城市中的犯罪状况持续恶化,社会安全陷入危机。在此背景下,美国学术及司法执法界提出了"破窗理论"、"环境犯罪学"等具有创新意义的犯罪控制理论与方法。这些新的理论与方法推动了20世纪90年代以来美国警务模式的改革和城市犯罪控制模式的调整,从而成功地抑制了城市犯罪。但与此同时,近年来美国枪支与毒品犯罪有抬头趋势,给美国的城市犯罪控制带来了新的挑战。联邦及地方政府能否有效应对,将对未来美国的城市犯罪控制的效果产生决定性影响。

During the 1960 s and the 1970 s,several factors such as the Civil Rights Movement,the Anti- War Movement and the government crisis brought America into social turbulence. In the train of this,the crime rate was rising all over the country,especially in cities,the society was confronted with security crisis. Under the circumstances,some innovative crime control theories and methods such as the Broken Windows Theory,the Environmental Criminology were proposed in the academic field,the judicial circle and the law- enforcement area.These new theories and methods have pushed forward with the reform of the policing pattern which has formed in America since the 1990 s and the change of the model of the urban crime control. Thereby,they have successfully deterred urbane crimes.However,in recent years,gun crimes and drug- related crimes are in danger of resurfacing,which bring new challenges of controlling urban crimes to America. Whether or not the federal government could response efficiently would have a decisive influence on the effect of urban crime control of future America.