不同水分条件下施磷位置对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响

Influence of Phosphorus Application in Different Soil Depth on Growth and Yield of Winter Wheat under Different Water Conditions

设2个水分处理、4个施磷处理和2个品种处理,水分设灌溉(W1)和干旱(整个生育期无灌溉,W2)2种处理,施磷设不施磷(CK)、表施磷(SP)、深施磷(DP)和侧深施磷(DBP)4种处理,供试冬小麦品种选用水分敏感型(小偃22)和抗旱型(长旱58)2个品种,探讨不同水分条件下施磷位置对冬小麦生长发育及产量的影响,旨在找出旱地农业最佳水肥处理方式。结果表明,在干旱胁迫条件下,深施磷处理较表施磷处理可以在一定程度上延长生育期。干旱胁迫和磷素缺乏对冬小麦株高、干物质积累有一定的抑制作用。土壤干旱条件下,深层施磷有利于抗旱性较强小麦穗干质量增加,而对水分敏感型小麦品种小偃22则无此趋势。方差分析表明,品种、水分、施磷位置、品种×水分及品种×水分×施磷位置显著影响冬小麦产量。其中,施磷位置对冬小麦产量的影响因土壤水分和品种不同而异。2种水分条件下,小偃22产量表现为上层施磷(SP)处理高于深层施磷(DP、DBP)处理,但三者间差异不显著。对于长旱58来说,W1条件下,深层施磷(DP和DBP)处理较上层施磷(SP)处理减产,但三者间差异不显著;W2条件下,深层施磷(DP和DBP)处理产量显著高于上层施磷(SP)处理,分别增产15.8%、16.2%。无论是否灌溉,2个冬小麦品种收获指数均表现为深层施磷(DP和DBP)处理高于上层施磷(SP)处理,其中小偃22差异不显著,长旱58差异显著,尤其在W2条件下更为明显。但产量和收获指数在DP与DBP处理间均无显著差异。说明干旱胁迫条件下深层施磷对抗旱性较强冬小麦产量形成有明显促进作用。

The experiment consisted of two water treatments,four phosphorus treatments and two cultivar treatments in a randomized complete block design. The two water treatments were irrigation（ W1） and no irrigation（ W2） in the whole growth period of winter wheat,the four phosphorus treatments included no application of phosphorus（ CK）,surface application of phosphorus（ SP）,deep application of phosphorus（ DP） and deep-band application of phosphorus（ DBP）,and the two cultivars were drought-sensitivecultivar（ Xiaoyan 22） and drought-tolerant cultivar（ Changhan 58）. In order to find out the best waterphosphorus（ P） application method for improving yield of winter wheat grown on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China,this study evaluated the effects of phosphorus application in different soil depths on growth and yield of winter wheat under different water conditions. The results showed that under drought condition,the winter wheat growth stages extended in DP and DBP treatments,compared with SP treatment. Water stress and the lack of phosphorus were important factors inhibiting height growth and the dry matter accumulation of winter wheat. Under drought condition,the deep application of phosphorus could help to increase the dry weight of spike of drought-tolerant cultivar,however,there was not the above tendency to drought-sensitive cultivar. The wheat yield was significantly influenced by cultivar,water content,phosphorus placement,cultivar × water content and cultivar × water content × phosphorus placement. The effects of phosphorus placement on yield of winter wheat differed from one soil water content and cultivar to another. Under the two water conditions,the yields of Xiaoyan 22 of DP and DBP treatments were higher compared with SP,but there was no significant difference among SP,DP and DBP treatment. For Changhan 58,yields of DP and DBP treatments decreased compared with SP treatment under W1 condition; yields of DP and DBP treatments were significantly higher than that of SP treatment under W2 condition,increased by 15. 8%,16. 2%,respectively. Under the two water conditions,the two cultivars harvest index were higher in DP and DBP treatments compared with SP treatment,there was no significant difference for Xiaoyan 22,and significant difference for Changhan 58,especially under W2 condition. Meanwhile,the yield and harvest index were not significantly different between DP treatment and DBP treatment under the two water treatments. It indicated that deep application of phosphorus would be helpful for yield formation of drought-tolerant cultivar under drought stress.