自然灾害治理过程中社会资本的结构性差异

State- Society Institutional Structure,Social Capital and Natural Disaster Governance

论文引入制度分析,重构社会资本的理论基础,以分析不同灾害系统内社会资本结构的系统性差异。在国家—社会制度结构下,由于不同的制度结构对社会资本的治理机制和关系网络构建了差异化激励,由是,沿着社会—政治制度整合能力可以划分不同的政治—社会制度结构类型;在不同的政治—社会制度结构内,社会资本的数量、类型和机制等存在系统性差异。在此框架下,通过对四个自然灾害(阪神大地震、卡特里娜飓风、汶川大地震和海地大地震)的比较案例分析,可以发现,由于不同灾害系统所嵌入的社会—政治制度环境的差异,导致在灾后救援和恢复中的社会资本结构也存在根本的差异,体现为不同的特征。基于此,可以确认四种差异性的社会资本结构:整合型社会资本、分离型社会资本、动员型社会资本和离散型社会资本,从而解释了在自然灾害治理过程中,社会资本的"嵌入性"特征。

This paper imports institutional analysis and reconstructs social capital theory to understand the variety of social capital mechanisms in different disaster systems. On the state- social institutional structure, because different institutional structures stimulate governance mechanisms and relational networks of social capital differently, political- social institutional structures can be divided into a variety of forms of political- social institutional structures. In different configurations, the magnitude, form,structure and mechanism are also different. Based on this framework,the social capital structure and the embedded institutional structures of four disaster systems( Great Hanshin Earthquake,Hurricane Katrina,Wenchuan Earthquake,Haiti Earthquake)are discussed and four types of social capital structures are identified: integrated social capital,separated social capital,mobilized social capital and fractional social capital.