格标记的形态编码与语言配列模式的蕴涵共性

The Morphological Coding of the Markedness of Cases and Implicational Universals of the Language Patterns

从跨语言的视角来看,格标记因其所附属名词短语的句法功能会出现不同程度的隐现情况。根据不及物句的必要论元(S)、及物句的施事性论元(A)以及受事性论元(P)格标记的不同形态编码方式,语言的配列模式可以形成特有的"四缺一"格局。通过观察,可以发现格标记意义上的语言配列模式的倾向性蕴涵共性:在A与P的标记不共现且S与A或P中一方匹配标记的前提下,如果S使用显性形态标记,那么S倾向于与A匹配格标记,这是语言的经济性和象似性两个动因共同作用的结果。研究结论为语言类型学的语法关系项等级序列提供了逻辑依据,也为施格格局语言配列模式的"主语"判定问题提供了一个新的研究思路。

From a typological perspective, the molphological coding of case marking varies due to different syntactic functions of the noun phrases to which case markers are attached, with either o,lert or covert marking. There are different alignments among the single argument of an intransitive predicate （S）, the agent argument of a transitive verb （A） and the patient argument of a two-place transitive verb （P） in the morphological coding of case marking, thereby creating a tetrachoric table of language patterns. The present study finds one implicational universal concerning language patterns ： given the non of the case marking of A and P as well as the same marking of S with A or P, if S is coded in overt form, S tends to have the same case marking with A. This universal results from the interaction of iconicity and economy of language. The study provides some logical support for the Hierarchy of Grammatical Relations, and a new perspective on the standards of subject in a typological sense, especially on those of the ergative languages.