19世纪以来德国高等教育结构演变研究

On the transformation of structure of higher education of Germany since 19th century

高等教育结构研究兴起于二战后,并逐渐发展成为高等教育研究的热点。德国洪堡模式大学对于世界高等教育事业的影响深远,但是其僵化而单一的结构问题长期困扰并束缚了其高等教育现代化发展。基于文献展开历史研究,探讨19世纪初期德国大学制度建立以来高等教育结构的演变,洪堡所创立的研究型大学基于普鲁士工业化初期科学和社会发展的现实,因其创新而获得巨大成功,并取得垄断地位,但是随着时代发展,单一类型的大学之功能和作用不再能适应社会发展。经过20世纪60年代开始的结构变革之后,联邦德国高等教育形成了大学和专业学院并立的双类型结构,实现了多样化发展。德国高等教育结构演变具有本国的特殊性和内在动力。

The research of structure of higher education begins since the WWII.Humboldtian University is a pioneer and has exerted a far-reaching influence upon the progress of the modern higher education in the world.But its rigid and single structure constrains the development of German higher education.This article discusses the transformation of structure of higher education of Germany since the 19 th century.Humboldtian research university sets up a model,i.e.,on the basis of industrialization of Prussia,and eventually achieving a monopoly of higher education.After the education reforms in the 1960 s,German higher education takes on a two-type structure of diversity.