论土木工程灾害及其防御

On the civil engineering disaster and its mitigation

土木工程是人类文明的重要载体,往往也是众多灾害的温床。首先给出了灾害的一般定义,并在此基础上提出了土木工程灾害的概念,阐述其特点、分类、成因及其防御技术。土木工程灾害本质上是由于土木工程抗灾能力不足导致的。不当的选址、不当的设防、不当的设计、不当的施工、不当的使用和维护管理都会造成土木工程抗灾能力的不足。许多所谓的自然灾害,包括伴随着地震、风、洪水、滑坡、泥石流等自然现象发生的灾害,本质上都是土木工程灾害。土木工程灾害在世界各地频繁发生,是众多灾害中与人类关系最密切的一类灾害。强调指出了只有依靠土木工程方法,人类才能减轻和防御包括许多自然灾害在内的各种土木工程灾害,并论述了研究与防御土木工程灾害的主要目标和相关的科学技术问题。

Civil engineering is the carrier of human civilization. It is also the carrier of various kinds of disasters that are defined as the civil engineering disasters in this paper. The paper presents the concept of civil engineering disaster, its characteristics, classification, causes and mitigation technologies. The civil engineering disaster is caused primarily by civil engineering defects that can be attributed to improper selection of construction sites, im- proper assessment of hazards, improper design and construction as well as improper occupation and maintenance. From this point of view, many natural disasters such as earthquakes, winds, floods, landslides and debris flows are substantially caused by various civil engineering defects rather than the respective natural hazards. Civil engineering disasters are taking place so frequently and widely in the world that they are the most closely related to human being among all disasters. It is emphasized that civil engineering approaches are essential in mitigating civil engineering disasters. The objectives and related scientific and technical problems in mitigating civil engineering disasters are also outlined.