19世纪英国城市的新鲜空气诉求

The Demand for Fresh Air in the 19^(th) Century British Cities

对新鲜空气的诉求是19世纪英国城市发展过程中的一项重要环境诉求,由房屋通风滞后、对空气与健康关系的新认知以及瘴气致病理论等因素而引发。诉求方式主要有三种:一是改善房屋的通风环境,二是消除开窗通风的思想和制度障碍,三是在城市煤烟污染的现实困境下借助空气商品、到乡村呼吸新鲜空气及保护与建设"城市之肺"。这些方式既是应对空气污染的手段,也是改善城市公共卫生的举措。从环境史视角探究该问题,有助于揭示19世纪英国人空气认知观念的演变历程,丰富空气污染史、公共卫生史的相关研究。

In the 19^(th) century,the demand for fresh air was a very important environmental demand in urban development. It was caused by the poor ventilation of residence,the new awareness of air-health correlation,and the theory of pathogenic miasma. There were three detailed aspects of this demand: the modification of ventilation; the elimination of conceptual and institutional obstacles for window opening; the resort to air-improving commodities,fresh air in rural areas and the construction and protection of 'lungs of cities'. These methods not only targeted at air pollution,but were also pertinent to the amelioration of urban public hygiene. From the perspective of environmental history,this paper enriches the study of the history of air pollution and public health by investigating into the cognitive transition in air conditions of the 19^(th) century British people.