古代纹饰画像中虎与生命主题探析——兼论虎与葫芦及龙虎文化

Study on the Theme of Tiger and Life in Pattern Portraits in Ancient Times:Concurrently on Tiger and Gourd as well as the Culture of Dragon and Tiger

古代纹饰画像中虎的文化表征不同,有原始的图腾崇拜、巫术内涵,与生命、生殖、疾病之间亦有关联。龙虎交纹饰既有阴阳交合、男女媾精房中术内涵,又喻道家炼丹阴阳相济、水火既济的状态;母虎神西王母主司天之厉及五残,暗示了虎主掌人的寿命及生死;人虎互变主题,隐喻了虎凶猛噬人的本性与夺人性命的疾病间的关系;民间有借虎驱疫禳灾及祈子、护子的巫俗;虎引、虎顾等是秦汉时期道家的导引体式;虎与葫芦之间有着生命关联。以上不同的文化表征,涉及到观念史、医学文化史及医学人类学的研究范畴。

The cultural expressions of the tiger in pattern portraits are different in ancient times, which contain the connotation of the original totemism and witchcraft. Also, they are related to life, reproduction and disease. The pattern portraits of the dragon and tiger not only includes the connotation of the intercourse of Yin and Yang, and the coition medicine, but also reveals the coordination of Yin and Yang as well as water and fire in Taoism. The tiger goddess, Xi Wang Mu, enforces majesty on behalf of heaven and faces down five kinds of disasters, which suggests that the tiger controls human＇s life and death. Besides, the interconversion of the tiger and human illustrates that the nature of the tiger is ferocious, and the relationship of killing people among diseases. According to the meaning of the tiger, it can be used to expel epidemic disease, remove disaster, impetrate and protect children in witchcraft folklore. There are some Taoism guide styles in the Qin and Han Dynasties, such as the tiger Yin and the tiger Gu. In terms of life, the tiger and gourd are associated. In conclusion, the different cultural expressions are related to the history of ideas, history of medical culture and medical anthropology.