世界遗产威胁因素分析

Analysis of threats to World Heritage

世界遗产监测是遗产保护的重要手段,世界遗产中心发布的遗产监测报告总结并评估遗产保护状况,分析各遗产地面临的主要威胁。基于遗产监测报告,在统计分析的基础上,提出威胁强度指数IOT,分析不同地区、类型遗产的威胁因素变化,发现:(1)管理和制度因素是各类和各地区遗产最主要的威胁。(2)由人类活动造成的威胁远大于自然灾害对各类型和各地区遗产的破坏。(3)不同类型遗产威胁强度最大的因素不同,自然遗产的受威胁强度最大。(4)各地区中,其他人类因素、自然资源开发、生物资源利用/改变是威胁强度最高的3种因素,非洲地区受威胁强度最高。(5)威胁最大的因素中,其他人类因素主要是非法活动,管理和制度因素则是缺乏完善合理的管理体系和保护管理规划。为更好应对世界遗产面临的各种威胁,应制定更为完善合理的遗产保护管理体系和标准,同时加强国际间技术、资金等的合作,广泛开展遗产教育,推动社区参与。

Monitoring is the key method to protect World Heritage, and the reports on the state of the conservation summarize and analysis the threats to World Heritage. The paper utilizes the reports published by World Heritage Centre, puts forward the index of Intensity of threat, analyzes the space-time change of threats and threat intensity, and obtains conclusions as follows： （1） The management and institutional factors is the most factor threatening World Heritage in each region and type; （2） Impacts of threats caused by human activities is higher than natural disasters; （3） Threats intensity on different type of World Heritage is various, intensity of natural World Heritage is the highest; （4） Africa is the worst region of the World Heritage protection, other human activities, physical resource extraction, biological resource use/modification is the threats with highest intensity in each region and type; （5） Other human activities mainly includes illegal activities, and the lacking of round and reasonable management system and management plan is the major sector of threats of management and institutional factors. In order to keep the security of World Heritage, comprehensive measures should be taken .to protect World Heritage from threats. Formulating adaptive management system and standards to guide the protection, strengthening the international cooperation, including assistance of conservation technology and finance, promoting the heritage education to foster trained personnel, and developing community participation, such as heritage tourism. With these measures, the security and conservation of World Heritage will be modified and sustainable.