洪武青花折枝花卉纹荷叶盖罐研究

A Study on Hongwu Blue and White Lidded Pot with Flower Sprays

首都博物馆收藏的明洪武青花折枝花卉纹盖罐1961年出土于北京地区,刚出土时被认作是元青花。1990年在景德镇市政府的基建过程中发现了明洪武时期的地层,复原了一件与首博藏品相同的洪武青花折枝花卉纹盖罐。这类盖罐呈瓜棱形,12瓣瓜棱绘画十二种花卉,通过和明李时珍《本草纲目》中花卉图案的比较,确认了其中牡丹、野菊、山茶等十一种花卉。调查发现,上海博物馆、英国不列颠博物院及日本松冈美术馆等多家博物馆中也收藏有10余件釉里红或青花折枝花卉纹盖罐,湖石折枝花的装饰样式来源于元青花。通过不同个体同类花卉的比较发现,每个盖罐的花卉种类是相同的,但同一种花卉的图样在细节上都各有差别,不完全相同。《大明会典》中提到凡烧造供用器皿,须要"定夺样制",由此可知,这个时期的官样还不是很严格。

This Hongwu Blue and White Lidded Pot with Flower Sprays, excavated from Beijing in 1961, was one of Ming porcelain wares from Capital Museum. When people just found, it was mistakenly recognized as a piece of blue and white from Yuan dynasty until a similar one was found from the stratum of Hongwu period of Ming dynasty in Jingdezhen during city construction in 1990. This pot is in melon shape and painted with 12 kinds of flowers. According to the records in The Compendium of Materia Medica(Bencao Gangmu) written by Li Shizhen, who was the most famous medical doctor and pharmacologist in Ming dynasty, about 11 fl owers on the pot were known, such as peony, chrysanthemum indicum, camellia, and so on. There are more than 10 other similar pots in other museums all over the world, like Shanghai Museum, the British Museum, and Matsuoka Museum of Art. The patterns of fl ower sprays and lake rocks were derived from patterns of blue and white wares in Yuan dynasty. After comparison of these pots from different museums, we found the types of fl owers are same, but they are still different more or less in details. The Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty records that if the porcelain wares were made for the court, the shape, patterns and other aspects need to base on the regulations. The differences between the patterns of these pots prove that the porcelain standards of the court were not very strict at that time.