近代博物馆与中国公共空间关系试析——以来华西方人所建博物馆为例

An Analysis of the Relationship between Museums and Public Space in Modern China:Taking Museums Built by Westerners in China as Examples

近代来华西方人在中国建立了首批近代意义上的博物馆。传统观点认为这批博物馆带有侵略、殖民性质,是列强对中国进行文化侵蚀、殖民扩张的一部分,但不可否认的是这批博物馆对于启迪民智、传播科学技术知识、解放思想起到了积极作用。同时来华西方人所创办的博物馆也构成了近代中国的新型公共空间,促进了中国社会的近代化。本文以烟台博物院、青州博古堂、济南广智院、亚洲文会博物院、北疆博物院、徐家汇博物院等为例,从区位条件、空间规模和空间形态三方面就博物馆的建筑进行简要分析,从时间预设、身份预设、行为预设三方面来初步探析博物馆的管理,从展览、演讲和布道三方面对博物馆的活动做简要说明,从博物馆建筑、管理、活动等公共空间核心要素探讨近代博物馆与中国公共空间的关系。

Westerners who have come to China in modern times have established the first museums in modern China. In traditional perception, these museums are a form of invasion and colonialism, which act as part of the cultural erosion and colonial expansion against China. However, undeniably, these museums have enlightened the public, disseminated scientific and technological knowledge, and promoted the modernization of Chinese society to some extent. At the same time, these museums also construct a new type of public space in modern China. This paper uses Yantai Museum, Qingzhou Museum, Jinan Guangzhiyuan, Asian Literature Museum, Musée Hoangho Paiho and Xujiahui Museum as examples. It briefly analyzes the museum architecture from the following three aspects: distributive conditions, spatial scale, and spatial form. The management of museums is probed through the aspects of time preset, identity preset, and behavior preset. The activities held by museums are illustrated from exhibitions, lectures, and preach. These aspects are essential factors of museums to serve as public space.