约翰逊政府有关部署反导系统的争论及决策

The Johnson Administration's Debate and Decision on the ABM Deployment

美国约翰逊政府时期,在国防战略调整及美苏核军备竞赛加剧的背景下,军方与政府各相关部门就奈基X反导系统的部署问题展开了长期而热烈的争论。以参谋长联席会议为代表的军方极力要求政府以奈基X反导系统为基础,部署保卫大城市的全面反导系统,这一主张得到国会较多数议员的支持。而以国防部长麦克纳马拉为代表的文职国防官员依赖"确保摧毁"的威慑战略来保障国家安全,反对立即部署反导系统,只支持继续进行研发。约翰逊总统起初也倾向暂不部署反导系统,希望争取与苏联就限制部署反导系统达成协议。由于苏联以及中国战略核力量的发展,特别是苏联在莫斯科进行反导系统建设的进展,给约翰逊政府造成较大的国内外压力,加之当时苏联政府对就限制部署反导系统达成协议并不积极,在以上形势下,出于对内政治因素和对外安全及对苏外交的考虑,最终约翰逊政府决定在部分区域有针对性地部署有限规模的反导系统。这是美国历史上首次正式做出部署反导系统的决定,对后来美国的反导部署政策有着不可忽视的影响。

During the time of the Johnson administration,U. S. military and the government had heated and long-lasting debates on the deployment of the Nike-X ABM system against the backdrop of national defense strategy adjustment. The Johnson administration finally decided to deploy a limited ABM system in some selected regions for such reasons: internal political struggle,intention to force the Soviets to join in the arms control negotiation,and defense against the third party's missile strike. This was the first official ABM deployment decision in American history,which deeply influenced America's ABM deployment policy afterwards.