作为两用物项管制稀土出口的外贸制度探析

Analysis on Foreign Trade System of Controlling Rare Earth Export as Dual-use Item

因稀土出口措施案败诉,中国取消了稀土出口限制。中国政府对稀土的开采、出口不加限制,势必导致新一轮滥采乱挖、破坏生态环境现象的发生。更为重要的是,稀土是军事工业重要的原材料,在尖端武器上应用广泛。大量的稀土出口,提升了美日等国武器装备水平,必然对中国的国家安全构成威胁。为国家安全战略考虑,中国应当将稀土列为军民两用物项,以GATT第21条安全例外为法律依据实施出口管制。在借鉴美国管制两用物项经验基础上,中国应建立以出口企业许可登记和验证最终用户制度为核心的稀土出口管制制度。

China has cancelled rare earth export restrictions due to the failure in export measure case. The government of China does not restrict rare earth mining and export, which will be bound to lead to a new round of indiscriminate digging and destruction of the ecological environment. More importantly, rare earth is an important raw material of military industry, which is widely used in sophisticated weapons. A large number of rare earth exports will improve weapons and equipment level of foreign countries such as America and Japan. It will inevitably pose a threat to national security of China. In view of national security strategy, China should regard rare earth as a dual-use item. China should implement rare earth export controls on the basis of GATT Article XXI Security Exceptions. Based on referring to the experience of U. S. in dual-use item control, China should establish a rare earth export control system which includes export enterprise license system and End-Use Certificate system.