CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因组编辑技术及其在作物品种改良中的应用

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Genome Engineering and Its Application in Plant Variety Improvement

基因组编辑技术是用特殊的核酸酶对基因组进行精准修饰的一种新兴技术。2013年研究人员发现了CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)系统,将其中的CRISPR/Cas9系统成功改造成RNA引导的核酸内切酶,发展了CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因组编辑技术。该技术能够对包括植物在内的几乎所有物种的基因组进行高效、精准的定点修饰,而且程序简易、操作方便灵活,加速了遗传工程、功能基因组学的研究,给生命科学的各个领域带来了革命性变化。本综述回顾了CRISPR/Cas9的出现、改进与发展,简述了CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因组编辑技术的作用机理,归纳总结了CRISPR/Cas9介导的基因组编辑技术在作物品种改良、提高作物品质和产量中的应用,最后,分析了该技术在作物品种改良中的发展前景及应用价值,以期为合理利用该技术进行种质创新、品种改良提供理论依据。

Genome editing using targetable nucleases is an emerging technology for the precise genomemodification. The CRISPR（clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats） system, which appearedin 2013, has been modified to serve as RNA-guided endonuclease（known as CRISPR/Cas9）. CRISPR/Cas9 has been developed into the third generation of genome editing technology, which is widely used in genomeediting among varieties of species including plants with high efficiency and specificity. Furthermore, owing toits simplicity, convenience, and flexibility, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has dramatically accelerated geneticengineering and functional genomics, brought a revolutionary change in every research field of life sciencestudies. This review briefly introduced the emergence and developing of CRISPR/Cas9, described themechanism of CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing, summarized the application of this tool in crop breedingthat aimed at improving crop quality and yield. Finally, we discussed the prospect and application value of CRISPR/Cas9 in crop breeding, so as to provide a theory basis for its use in novel germplasm innovation andcrop breeding improvement.