从三强并立到帝国秩序——西汉时期东亚国际体系的演变

From Triangle to the Imperial Order: The Transformation of International System in Eastern Asia During the Western Han Dynasty

兼用政治学与历史学研究的方法,可以得出结论,在长达两百多年的整个西汉时期,东亚地区既不存在朝贡体系,也不存在两极格局。准确地说,这两百年中,东亚政治形势呈现出从多国并立到汉帝国统治其余的演变趋势:从公元前200年左右开始,直到公元前110年左右,在将近一个世纪的时间内,东亚地区乃是多国林立,匈奴、西汉、南粤三强并立的政治格局。随着武帝朝汉廷战略能力的不断提升,汉借由强化内部统治、组建和维持超大规模的战略征伐力量,接连战胜另外两大地区霸权匈奴与南粤,在汉廷周边开始了大规模且基本不受阻挡的帝国扩张,陆续取得对南粤、西南夷、朝鲜、西域诸国和匈奴的帝国统治权。汉廷独大、汉帝国不断战胜、帝国权势急剧扩张,这便是从大约公元前110年至公元前36年之间整个东亚所呈现出来的基本政治特点。而从公元前36年往后直至西汉政权结束,汉帝国统治已经完全覆盖整个东亚地区,帝国秩序由此形成。汉廷战略能力的急剧提升正是这一演变的直接推力。

By combining the historical method with the approach of political science,a conclusion could be drawn that there existed neither a tributary system nor a bipolarstructure in eastern Asia during the Western Han Dynasty( from about 200 B. C. to 8A. C.). Precisely, the political structure of eastern Asia changed from a multi-polar system to the imperial order during those 200 years: it was triangle system supported by the Huns,the Han and the South Yue from 200 B. C. to 110 B. C.,and then,with the improvement of Han's strategic ability,through strengthening its internal rule,creating a very large cavalry troop and navy,the Han Empire had achieved a series of victories against the Huns and the South Yue and started its imperial expansion from110 B. C. to 36 B. C.,which characterized the political structure of eastern Asia at that time. This expansion ended in 36 B. C., and from then on, till Han was replaced by the New Dynasty in the year of 8 A. C.,the whole eastern Asia had been the Pax Han; imperial order under Han Empire emerged in the east of Asia. The sharp rise of the Han's strategic ability was the direct thrust of this historical transformation.