美国国家公园生态保护与旅游开发的发展历程及启示

The Development of Ecological Protection and Tourism Development in the U.S. National Parks and Its Enlightenment

生态保护与旅游开发是国家公园面临的主要矛盾之一,如何使二者协调发展是各国国家公园发展期待解决的问题。美国在其国家公园发展的140余年历史中积累了大量经验,以美国国家公园的生态保护与旅游开发为主线,将其发展历程分为6个阶段:国家公园混乱时期:无序开发和生态干预(1872—1915);马瑟管理时代:注重休闲旅游(1916—1928);生态学意识的觉醒及反复(1929—1940);旅游设施快速膨胀与公园领导者保护意识的觉醒(1941—1962);生态保护快速发展,NPS采纳保护建议(1963—1979);科学指导旅游发展,基础设施向生态保护方向转化(1980年至今)。结合美国国家公园生态保护与旅游开发两者平衡的实现途径:科学监测生态系统与游客管理;解说和教育提高游客生态保护意识,为我国国家公园的发展提供借鉴。

Ecological protection and tourism development are one of the major contradictions in national parks, and how to make the coordinated development of the two is the problem of the development of national parks in various countries. The United States has accumulated a lot of experience in the development of its national park in 140 years. This paper takes the ecological protection and tourism development as the main line, and divides the development course into six stages： the National Park chaos： disorderly development and ecological intervention （1872-1915） ;Mather management era： focus on leisure travel （1916 1928） ; The awakening of ecological consciousness and its repetition （1929-1940） ;The rapid expansion of tourism facilities and the awakening of consciousness of the protection of the park leader （1941-1962）;Rapid development of ecological protection, NPS adop- tion of protection recommendations （1963-1979） ;The scientific guidance of tourism development, infrastructure to the direction of ecological protection （1980-）. With the balance of the ecological protection and tourism development of the U. S. National Parks, the realization ways include the scientific monitoring of ecological system and tourist management, and interpretation and education to improve the awareness of ecological protection. The results provide reference for the development of China＇s national parks.