中国城镇化进程中的空间集聚、机理及其科学问题

Patterns and driving mechanism of spatial agglomeration during the urbanization process in China

构建科学合理的城镇化空间格局,是推进新型城镇化的内在要求,对提升城镇化质量和推动城镇化健康发展具有重要意义。基于统计数据和地理信息技术,深刻揭示了中国城镇化进程中的空间集聚态势及其造成的突出矛盾,从理论视角综合考察了城镇化进程中的空间集聚形成机理,并简要探讨了优化城镇化空间格局的政策建议。研究表明,改革开放以来中国城镇化进程中的空间集聚态势十分明显,人口、资源、要素和产业大规模向东部沿海地区集聚,并在空间上形成了若干个城市和人口密集区。造成这种空间集聚态势的因素是多方面的,自然本底条件和资源禀赋的地带性差异起到基础性作用,国家发展战略的东部偏向及资源要素的空间集聚效应是外部条件,而更深层次的基本动力源于区域之间日益拉大的发展差距。应该看到,改革开放以来中国人口与产业向东部地区集聚具有一定的历史必然性,但二者的空间集聚未能协同一致,由此导致两个"不协调",即人口分布与产业及就业岗位分布的不协调及人口、经济分布与资源环境承载能力的不协调。这两个"不协调"造成了数以亿计的"两栖"农民工跨区域迁移、能源与大宗商品的跨区域流动、局部地区资源环境面临巨大压力、不稳定因素和社会矛盾日益激化等突出问题。要构建高效、均衡、安全的城镇化空间格局,其本质就是要实现区域协调发展,即不单纯要强调人的繁荣,还要强调地域的繁荣。"产业西进"和"人口东移"是优化中国城镇化空间格局和形态的战略重点。

Establishing a scientific and reasonable spatial pattern of urbanization, which has a significant meaning in improving the quality of urbanization and promoting the healthy development of urbanization, is the inherent requirement to advance a new type of urbanization. Based on statistical data and geographic information technology, the paper profoundly reveals the situation on spatial agglomeration during the urbanization process in China as well as the corresponding prominent contradiction, comprehensively examines the mechanism of the spatial agglomeration from the theoretical aspect, and briefly discusses the policy and suggestion of optimizing the spatial layout of urbanization. This paper argues that the spatial agglomeration during the urbanization process in China has been significant since the economic reforms and opening up policy initiated in 1978. Population, resources, elements and industries agglomerated in the eastern coastal area in large scale, forming several city clusters and densely inhabited regions. The spatial agglomeration of various elements was found to be related to many factors. To be specific, the regional difference in the natural background conditions and resources endowment is the fundamental condition while the eastoriented national development strategy and the agglomeration effect of the resource elements are the external conditions. However, the underlying impetus is increasingly widening development gap between regions. It should be noted that there is a certain historical inevitability for the agglomeration of population and industry in the eastern region. However,the scale and speed of the spatial agglomeration in relation to population and industry failed to be consistent, which result in two unharmonious problems—the mismatch of the spatial distribution of population and industry as well as the mismatch of the spatial distribution of population, industry, resources and environment. These two inharmonious problems have caused several prominent problems such as the transfer of hundreds of millions of ＂amphibious migratory＂ type of migrant workers, the cross- regional flow of energy and bulk commodities,the tremendous pressure of resources and environment in the eastern region, and the increasingly intensified instability factors and social contradictions. The essence to establish an efficient, balanced and safe spatial pattern of urbanization is to realize a regional harmonious development, not only emphasizing people’s prosperity, but also highlighting the regional prosperity. There are two core strategies— ＂industry shift to the west＂ and ＂population shift to the east＂ —launched to optimize the spatial layout of urbanization.