江南文学社群的式微与清初文学的自我规避

The decline of the southern Chinese literary schools and self dodging of literati at the early Qing

1644年甲申事变后,复社、几社文人在抗清斗争中死伤殆尽,士子风流不复存在,科举文社倍显凄凉。清顺治二年行剃发令,清政府为笼络人心,又于该年开科取士,江南士子心绪才稍见稳定。至清顺治六年,江南文人结社才又逐渐兴盛;江南文社分为吴地一派与松江一派。清初文禁甚多,文社活动缺少明末文社的参政意识,为避免政治打击进行自我封闭,自我规避,使得清初江南文社沦为科举之附庸。以中国文学史观之,清初大文学家多是明入清之社团文人,清初十几年之文社新人较少文坛巨匠,也许与清初文社诸子未能明经治学,兼修古文辞有很大关系。而在文坛倡导古学者多为由明入清的复社文人,而且在复社巨子吴梅村的指导下,在清初还形成一个以文学社群为基础的地域性文学流派"娄东诗派"。可惜的是,这样的社群地域文学流派与文学思潮在清代初年似乎显得相对少了些。吴松两地社群文人互相轻视,彼此猜忌,缺乏凝聚力,缺少一个像张溥那样的在文坛有号召力和影响力的领袖,也没有形成一个像复社联盟一样的有组织性的联盟实体;从而导致社群文人之间缺少必要的文学交流,也没有进行过有意义的文学争鸣,这抑制了文学的繁荣与发展。清初先后发生的丁酉科场案,清顺治九年与十七年的禁止社盟,清顺治十八年发生的奏销案、通海案及陆銮攻击江南文社结党营私案,使得江南文社大伤元气;此后,从明代末年兴起的江南文社便逐渐衰落。清初江南文社多是在清政府恩威并施的襁褓中长大的,带有太多的复杂性、两面性与先天的不足。

The 1644 incident results in the declining of the southern Chinese literary schools in the ear- ly Qing dynasty. When the Qing government reopens the imperial examination again later on, the southern Chinese literati feel a little comfortable, and the literary schools resume and grow prosperous in Wu and Songjiang regions. Political prosecutions and literary banning have cleared innumerable schools, and the southern Chinese literary schools choose to dodge the conflicts. This study reviews the development of the literary schools and historical events that bring about the decline of the southern Chinese literati.