福利国家长期照护制度及对中国的启示

The Long-term Care System in Welfare State and Its Implication to China

不同福利国家制度有着不同的家庭政策设计逻辑,进而衍生出不同的长期照护制度。长期照护保险制度多出现在"法团主义"福利国家;长期照护津贴制度则表现为普惠制的社会民主模式(Scandinavian国家)、资格审查的救助模式(东欧、南欧、Anglo-Saxon国家)。本文认为,在我国福利制度还不健全的情况下,福利制度的碎片化特征使得中国不可能实行单一的且同时覆盖所有人群的长期照护制度。长期照护制度的建立应遵循中国福利制度的设计逻辑,考虑不同人群;被城镇职工保险覆盖的人群可以试行长期照护保险制度;而不被城镇职工保险覆盖的人群,则可建立资格审查式的长期照护津贴制度以资助最需要帮助的家庭。

Family policies in different welfare state follow different designing logic and it makes different Long -term care system. The Long- term care insurance （LTCI） system mainly appeared in the corporatist regime welfare state; while the long -term care allowance system mainly in two model： the universally social democracy model （Scandinavian countries）, and the mean- tested model（East- Europe, Southern- Europe, Anglo- Saxon countries）. In China, the welfare system is still not fully developed, the fragment feature of the welfare system makes China hard to fund a universal long - term care system. So the long - term care system should consider different groups; people who are covered by urban employee insurance could fund the LTCI system, while the groups who are not covered by Urban employee insurance, could implement mean -tested long- term care allowance system to subsidize the family who need to be helped.