从群众运动到集体行动的变迁——基于国家与社会关系视角的考察

The Shift from Mass Movements to Collective Contentions——from the Perspective of the Relationship between State and Society

自中国共产党成立以来,尤其在新中国成立后前三十年,由党及其领导的政权发起的群众运动此起彼伏,而最近三十年则是集体行动持续不断,两者形成鲜明对照。究其原因,在前一个时期,国家试图对社会实行全面而深入的控制,因而作为党和国家控制方式的群众运动大行其道,民众自主发起的集体行动几乎不见踪影。不过,社会在逐渐发育。"文革"结束后,国家基于种种压力和困境也开始主动进行改革,与社会一道推动我国从全能主义体制向权威主义体制转型。转型后的国家放弃了对社会的全面控制,也不再频繁发动群众运动,同时社会获得了越来越多的独立资源和空间。随着国家权力的收缩和社会独立性的增强,持续不断的民众集体行动成为我国的一个突出现象。虽然集体行动产生了一定的负面后果,但总体而言有利于社会和国家双方的成长和发展。

The first 30 years of PRC teemed with mass movements, and the second 30 years wit nessed a continuance of collective contentions, forming a sharp contrast. The reason is： in the first 30 years of totalitarianism, the state controlled everything that mass campaigns as a way of state＇s domi- nance over society were popular and the spontaneous collective contentions were rarely seen. Then the state, under pressure and in difficulties, was forced to reform, and together with the society, it pushed the transition of China from the totalistic regime to an authoritarian one. The state gave up the totalistic control over the society and the mass campaigns, and left more and more independent re- sources and space for society. With the contraction of the state power and the enhancement of social independence, the continuous mass contentions become a major landscape in China. The collective protests produced certain negative consequences, but on the whole, they were conducive to both social and national development.