尊曹还是尊刘:由三国至两宋的历史纠结

Respecting Cao Cao or Liu Bei: On the Historical Disputes from the Three Kingdoms Period to the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties

尊刘贬曹思想是元代以来人们评价三国人物的主流思想,它的形成与演变有一个历史过程。三国争战之时,北南三方形成尊曹和反曹的对抗。西晋禅魏后,尊曹成为统一思想。东晋南朝举起尊刘大旗,从而出现北方尊曹与南方尊刘的二元对立。这种对立纠结着现实政治利益,到唐代方始超越。但唐人曹刘并尊,宋人尊刘贬曹,对曹刘的评判分趋两途,同样体现了现实政治带来的历史纠结。

The formation and evolution of respecting Liu Bei but depreciating Cao Cao, as a mainstream thought commenting the figures during the Three Kingdoms Period since the Yuan Dynasty, undergoes a historical process. When the war happened among the three kingdoms, the tripartite in the north and south formed the con- flict between respect for Cao Cao and depreciation of Cao Cao. After abdication of Wei Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty, the respect for Cao Cao became the unified thought. Later the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties advocated the respect for Liu Bei, thus leading to the binary opposition between northern respect for Cao Cao and Southern respect for Liu Bei, which entangled the realistic political interests till the Tang Dynasty. However, the people of Tang Dynasty showed equal respect for Cao Cao and Liu Bei while the people of Song Dynasty respec- ted Liu Bei and depreciated Cao Cao with the entirely opposite comments, which also exhibits the historical dis- putes from realistic politics.