庄子怀疑主义的产生和归宿——由老子到庄子的考察

The Origination and Destiny of Chuang Tzu's Skepticism——Investigation into the Thoughts of Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu

从《庄子·齐物论》中的三问三不知到《庄子·应帝王》中的四问四不知,无疑都体现了庄子思想中的怀疑主义倾向。考察庄子思想的理论来源,我们可以看到,庄子的怀疑主义认识论的产生并非无源之水,事实上应该有一个思想上的酝酿过程,主要由老子的"不知"思想发展而来。老子的"不知"思想为其提供了基本的语词、内容、范式,本身已经具有了一种怀疑倾向。庄子在继承老子思想的基础上,于诸多方面将这种怀疑意识推向极端,使之正式"升格"为怀疑主义,并为怀疑主义提供了一个由"不知"到"真知"的归宿。但是,庄子怀疑主义在此后的发展可谓后继乏人,这主要是由其学说自身的原因造成的。

The answers to the three questions in The True NatureofAllThings and to the four questions in The Philosopher - King all reveal Chuang Tzu＇ s skeptical tendency. Chuang Tzu＇ s skepticism does not appear from noth- ing but has a brewing process; it mainly develops from the ＂unknowing＂ theory of Lao Tzu, which gives the basic vocabm lary, content, and paradigm and has already a preference of skepticism. Carrying forward the ＂unknowing＂ theory of Lao Tzu, Chuang Tzu develops this skeptical consciousness to its extreme, namely, the skepticism, and offers a home for his skepticism from ＂unknowing＂ to ＂genuine knowledge＂. However, from then on, Chuang Tzu＇ s theory has ibund few to pass on, mainly because of its own defects.