北极渔业及渔业管理之现状及展望

Review and Prospect on Arctic Fisheries and Its Management

气候变化下的北极渔业处于动态发展中,但发展参差不齐。由于地缘关系,大部分北极渔业处于北极国家"各自为政"的专属经济区渔业制度之下,难以形成一体化的北极渔业管理制度。北极还存在公海渔业,但北极国家的北极公海渔业管理主导意愿明显,造成北极国家与北极域外国家潜在的渔业权益争端。现阶段北极相关的区域性渔业管理组织由于分鱼类、分区域的特点而不能胜任北极渔业管理的职责。以《联合国海洋法公约》为代表的国际法律适用于北极海域却不针对北极海域。因此,北极渔业管理面临着各种挑战。北极各国之间的双/多边合作、北极国家与北极域外国家之间通过区域性渔业管理组织开展的国际合作对未来的北极渔业管理至关重要;并且,鉴于北极海域生态环境脆弱,北极必须实践预防性措施及基于生态系统的渔业管理理念。中国是重要的近北极国家,明确北极渔业对维护中国北极权益的重要性,重视科技先行的作用,开展广泛的北极合作,是中国北极渔业应对之关键。

Arctic fisheries are in dynamics under the climate change, while there is uneven fisheries devel- opment in different Arctic waters. Most fisheries fall under the jurisdiction of different Arctic states, while each Arctic state has its own unique fisheries management, which makes a consistent Arctic fisheries man- agement system unfeasible. There are high seas at Arctic where Arctic states are trying to asset its role of stewardship in fisheries management, which gives rise to the potential conflicts between Arctic and non-Arc- tic states. Due to species/region-specific drawbacks, the existing Arctic-related Regional Fisheries Manage- ment Organizations （RFMOs） are not competent for Arctic fisheries management. Such key fisheries regu- lations as UNCLOS are applicable but not tailored for Arctic waters. Thus Arctic fisheries management is confronted with various challenges. What the key is to the Arctic fisheries management is regional bilateral/ multilateral cooperation between Arctic states as well as international cooperation between Arctic and non- Arctic states coordinated by RFMOs. Besides, considering the fragile Arctic ecosystem, what equally mat- ters is the application of precautionary approach and eeo-based management for Arctic fisheries. As an im- portant near-Arctic state, China should have an explicit understanding of its Arctic rights and duties, take Arctic research as a priority, and develop extensive Arctic cooperation, thus to qualify itself to have pre- pared and timely response to the prospective Arctic fisheries development.