矿产资源所有权之比较法分析

Comparative Analysis of the Ownership of Mineral Resources

由于多种矿产资源是战略性物资,许多国家都在其宪法、民法或矿产资源法中规定矿产资源归国家所有。在矿产资源国家所有权的公权或私权属性上,学者们持不同态度。然而,传统公权私权的截然划分已经不能解决包括矿产资源在内的公共物品问题,矿产资源国家所有权兼具公权和私权属性,公权在和私权衔接的同时也在限制着私权的滥用。矿产资源所有权的实现仰仗市场手段下的开发利用,国家所有权人收获税费或权利金,采矿权人取得权利孳息——矿产品,然后换取对价。

As many mineral resources are strategic to a nation, Constitution, Civil law or mineral laws in many countries regulate that mineral resources are owned by the nation. Scholars hold different opinions on the nature of the national ownership over minerals. However, the distinction between conventional public power and private right is no longer an effective method to solve public property including minerals. The national ownership of minerals indicates both public power and private right characteristics. The former relates to and confines the latter. Realization of mineral ownership relies on market methods, in which the national owner harvests tax, fees or royalty, and then mining right owners get the mineral products as fructus, and then change them for consideration.