处于十字路口的日本课程行政--基于“关键能力”的教育改革

Japan's Curriculum Administration at the Cross Roads: Competency-based Educational Reform

日本文部科学省正在为大学教育至初等教育编制基于"关键能力"的课程。文部科学省认为,将关键能力定义为人的整体能力而不是片断化的知识和技能,并据此确立目标、思考培养关键能力所应有的教育方式,这是世界各国教育改革的潮流。但是日本也有人对基于"关键能力"的教育提出严厉批评,认为基于"关键能力"的教育起因于1990年代欧洲年轻人失业问题,为提高年轻人的雇佣机会而构想了所谓的"关键能力",这种能力内涵狭隘、缺乏人格完善的视角,指向训练而不是指向教育等等。对抗关键能力的教育实践有"为了人生的生成教育"、"以知识为基础的教育"、"扎根本土的教育"。文部科学省仍在向基于关键能力的教育迈进。

The Japanese Ministry of Education is now making a key competency based curriculum from tertiary education to primary education, and demanding all levels of schools to put it into practice. As a reason of the competency-based educational innovation, the Japanese Ministry of Education believed that treating the key competency as human beings＇ holistic ability, not some fragments of knowledge or skills, and depending on which to set educational goals and consider the appropriate ways of education is the trend of educational reform all over the world. Some severe criticisms and objections, however, arose. Some believed that the education mode based on key competency was rooted in the youth unemployment problem in Europe, 1990s. In order to improve the youth＇ s employability, it came up with the idea of key competency which in fact had a narrow definition, lacked flexibility and just directed to training, not education. The education mode opposite to key competency based education includes becoming in education, knowledge-based education and community-centered education, the Japanese Ministry of Education, however, is still moving towards the key competency based education.