中国考古学中“古国”“方国”“王国”的理论与方法问题

The Theoretical and Method Problems about “Ancient State” “Chiefdom” “Kingdom” in China's Archaeology

中国五位顶尖考古学家苏秉琦、严文明、张忠培、李伯谦、王巍在运用考古学材料进行国家起源研究方面有着重要的理论建树。由于新材料层出不穷,故而应不断仔细观察和检测材料,反复比较不同的个案,对深思熟虑得到的结论,进行坦诚直率的讨论,才能切实推进到一个新水平。考古材料作为社会发展的物化表现,在认识和理解上有相当多的客观困难。因而,应重视已有材料的片断性和残存性;努力在年代上求得一致的看法;充分估计不同自然环境、不同文化传统下,大致相同的社会发展水平会有不同的物化表现;在比较不同的考古案例时应参照人类学和历史学的研究成果,逐步细化。应进一步加强推动国家动力的研究。

China＇s five top archaeologists Su Bingqi, Yan Wenming, Zhang Zhongpei, Li Boqian and Wang Wei allmade important theoretical contributions in the nation origins research by using archaeological materials. As newmaterials emerge incessantly, so we should continue to observe and test materials carefully, compare the different casesrepeatedly, carry out frank discussion and debates for a well thought out summary, so as to promote it to a new leveleffectively. As the physical performance of social development, the archaeological materials are very difficult tounderstand objectively. Therefore, attention should be paid to the existent materials＇ fragment nature and survivablity;strive to obtain the unanimous views on their times; fully estimate that the roughly same social development level wouldhave the different physical performance under the different natural environment and cultural tradition; when comparingthe different archaeological cases, we should refer to the research results of anthropology and history, and graduallyrefine them. Research on the promotion of state power should be further strengthened.