中国考古学界国家起源探索的心路历程与相关思考

Mentality of China's Archaeological Circles for Exploring the National Origin and My Related Thinking

20世纪初叶至今,百年来中国学术界对国家起源和早期文明史的探索历程,主要采用从成熟的国家社会所表现出的明显特征中探究早期国家某些本质的萌芽及其发生发展过程的方法。在这一推论方式以及传统文明观的影响下,中原王朝中心说长期占据主导地位,此后虽然出现了多种认知模式,但其基本思路和结论仍然认为各区域的史前文化虽相对独立,但联系密切,大体连续进化,对远古时期区域文化间在社会发展进程上的差距、不平衡性和差异性则一定程度上存在淡化和忽视。再加上理论上的缺陷、民族主义思想影响和考古学学科的局限,中国国家起源的研究结论具有相对性和不可验证性。如果用东亚大陆来表述讨论的空间范畴,以公元前1800年前后东亚地区最早的核心文化——二里头文化,最早的广域王权国家——二里头国家的出现为界,就可以把东亚大陆的早期文明史划分为两个大的阶段,即以中原为中心的"中原(中国)王朝时代"和此前政治实体林立的"前中国时代"或"前王朝时代"。以此为界,东亚大陆的国家起源进程则呈现出非连续性和多歧性,不支持东亚文明与国家数千年来由小到大、单线进化的认知模式。

Since the beginning of 20 thcentury, China＇s academic circles＇ exploration process for the state originand early history of civilization in over 100 years has mainly adopted the method of exploring some essential sprouts ofearly states and their occurrence and development process through the obvious characteristics shown from mature statesocieties. Influenced by this inference method and traditional civilization views, the theory of Central Plains DynastyCenter occupied the dominant position for a long time, although many cognitive modes appeared then, their basic ideasand conclusions still think that the prehistoric cultures of various regions are relatively independent, closely connectedand roughly continuously evolved, and there exists dilution and neglect to a certain extent for the gaps between regionalcultures in social development process and their imbalance and difference in ancient times. Plus the theoretical defects,nationalist idea impact and the limitation of archaeological discipline, the study conclusion of China＇s state origin isrelative and non-verifiable. If taking the East Asian Continent as the spatial category for discussion and the appearanceof the earliest core culture in East Asia at about 1800 BC--Erlitou Culture, the first wide area kingdom state--ErlitouState as the boundary, the early civilization history in East Asia could be divided into two stages, namely the ＂CentralPlain（China） Dynasty Era＂ taking the Central Plain as center, and the previous political entities of the ＂pre-ChinaTimes＂ and the ＂former Dynasties Times＂. Taking this as boundary, the state origin process in East Asian Continent isshowing the cognitive mode of non-continuity, divergence and non- supporting the single-line evolution of East Asiancivilization and states from small to large for thousands of years.