英、美、日、中四国器官移植伦理和法律规范的比较

Comparison of organ transplantation ethics and laws in the Britain,the United States,Japan and China

本文选取英、美、日、中四国关于器官移植的伦理、法律规范及学者观点进行研究对比。对于器官的界定,四国的差异在于是否将人体组织和细胞视为人体器官。器官来源主要以尸体为主,美、日、中三国都采用"选择加入"模式,英国率先在威尔士实行"选择退出"模式,四国对活体捐献以及未成年人的捐献范围进行了严格规定。在器官的摘取方面,英、美、日三国都以法律形式承认了脑死亡,我国仍采用多种死亡评判标准。在器官分配方面,四国都成立了独立机构并制订了相应的执行标准。

This paper studies the ethical and legislative regulations and experts＂ viewpoints those are related to organ transplantation in Britain, the United States, Japan and China. As to the definition of organ, the difference lies in whether human tissue and cell should be regarded as organ. The source of organ is mainly from the deceased. The United States, Japan and China launch the ＂opt-in system＂, Wales now becomes the first place across Britain to introduce the ＂opt-out system＂. The four countries all impose strict limitation for living organ donation and minors＂ donation. In organ procurement, four countries except China have recognized brain death inform .of laws, while China still employ multiple standards of death. In organ allocation, all four countries have established independent organizations and rules.