从革命的无产阶级到事件中的“非在”——法国马克思主义的主体的嬗变历程

From Revolutionary Proletariat to “Inexistence”in Event——The Evolution of Subject in Post-War French Marxism

主体问题一直是马克思主义哲学的一个核心问题。在经典的马克思主义哲学中,主体这一使命被天然地赋予工人阶级,工人阶级被认定为资产阶级掘墓人的主体,但是在战后的资本主义社会发展中,工人阶级的生活状况得到很大改善,迫使法国马克思主义者重新思考主体问题。从萨特等存在主义者将主体退化为抽象化的生存中的主体,到阿尔都塞的历史是一个无主体的过程中,将主体变成了一个大写结构循环的虚假的概念,最后再到阿尔都塞的弟子阿兰·巴迪欧这一代人重新将主体定位在事件之后,将不被视为存在的"非在"让自己的存在彰显出来的曲线式的发展。战后法国马克思主义对主体问题的思考也代表了当今马克思主义哲学中对主体问题思考的一个基本脉络。

The issue of subject has always been the core in Marxist philosophy. In classical Marxist philosophy, the vocation of subject is entitled to working class, who was once regarded as the gravedigger for capitalism. However, with the development of post-War capitalist society, the situation for working class has been greatly improved, which propels French Marxists to recon- sider the issue of subject. From existentialist Sartre, who reduced subject to an abstract existent individual, to Althusser, who argued that history is a process without subject, and regarded subject as a fictional concept forged by ideology. At last, as the disciple of Althusser, Alain Badiou considered subject always emerge after event, let those who are regarded as inexistence ap- pear in themselves. The line of post-War French Marxist thought on subject is also a line of contemporary Marxist philosophy on subject.