亚里士多德实体理论的意义和缺陷探析

On the Significance and Defects of Aristotle's Substance Theory

亚里士多德的实体理论将存在的范畴分为十类,其中实体是独立和核心范畴,其余范畴是依存和次要范畴。实体与其他范畴是被依存与依存、被表述与表述的关系。亚里士多德的实体理论在学理上至少有两个重大意义:正名并创立逻辑学;表明人们不能在认识关系之外来认识和把握世界,存在与思维同一。通过举例分析,认为"白马非马"是诡辩。亚里士多德实体理论的最大缺陷是关于第一实体和第二实体的划分,以及对一般与个别及其关系的看法的矛盾和混乱。一般与个别作为实体并无第一第二之分;在存在论上,一般与个别都既是客观实在又是概念;在认识论上,一般与个别都是认识的起点。

According to Aristotle＇s Substance Theory, categories of being can be classified into ten types, in which substance is the independent and key category, and the others are dependent and secondary categories. There is a relation of being depended and depending, and of being expressed and expressing between substance and other categories. Aristotle＇s Substance Theory is of academic significance in two points, i.e. to rectify concepts and to create logic, to prove that man can＇t understand and grasp the world beyond cognitive relation and that being identifies with thinking. The author argues that the proposition of ＂a white horse is not a horse＂ is sophistry. The obvious defect in Aristotle＇s Substance Theory is the classification between the first substance and the second substance, and the contradiction and confusion of the views on the general and the individual. The paper argues that, as substance the general and the individual can＇t be classified as the first or the second. And the general and the individual are objective reality and concepts from an ontological perspective, and they are both the starting points of cognition from an epistemological perspective.