《史记》的直书与曲笔

Direct Record and Indirect Record in Shiji

直书与曲笔是中国传统史学的两大重要特征。直书与曲笔在史论家的笔下至少有三层涵义。第一层涵义:"直书"是不受外界干扰直接书写历史事实;"曲笔"是违反历史事实凭空编造。第二层涵义:"直书"是"直接书写","曲笔"是"迂回曲折地表达"。第三层涵义:"直书"是直接正面书写历史事件,"曲笔"是"明书甲事,隐射乙事"。这三种不同涵义的"直书"与"曲笔"在司马迁《史记》中都有体现。直书与曲笔看似对立冲突,实则辩证统一。

Direct record and indirect record are two important features of Chinese traditional historiography.There are at least three meanings in historians＇ works. The first meaning： ＂Direct Record＂is to narrate historical facts directly without any interference and ＂Indirect Record＂is to fabricate history. The second meaning：＂Direct Record＂is to narrate historical facts directly and ＂Indirect Record＂is to narrate historical facts indirectly. The third meaning： ＂Direct Record＂is to narrate historical facts directly and ＂Indirect Record＂is to imply by describing one thing to another thing. Direct record and indirect record in the three different meanings exist in Shji. Direct record and indirect record are not contradictory but complementary.