清商乐若干术语考

Textual Research of Some Terms in Qingshang Music

在有关清商乐的文献记载中出现过"契、半折、六变、拍、节"等术语,对其作出考析后可以发现:其一,契即契注声,或称契声,是乐曲末尾的乐段,在清商乐中往往采用音乐与吟咏曲辞相结合的形式表演,其出现与佛教东传有一定关系。其二,所谓六变,乃六首变曲之义,指的是吴声歌曲中的《游曲》六曲;所谓半折,指的则是"乐声要较原来律高稍低"的演奏方式。其三,拍分句拍、韵拍、点拍三种,《相和》十七曲应以一句为一拍;此外,《相和》曲演唱以"节"来控制节拍,亦即后来《清乐》部中使用的节鼓;但它与另一种带旄似竹的指挥乐器"节"完全不同,二者不能混淆。

As is known to all,＂Qi,Banzhe,Liubian,Pai,Jie ＂and other terms have appeared in the Qingshang music literature record. Some points can be found in the contract. Firstly,Qi is Qizhusheng,or Qisheng,that is in the end of the music. In Qingshang music,Qi is a performance combining of music and chanting lyrics and it appears to have a certain relationship with the spread of buddhism. Secondly,the so-called Liubian,is the six change songs which refers to the six songs in Youqu of the Wu songs. The so-called Banzhe,refers to the playing style,and the sound of music is lower than the original rhythm. Thirdly,Pai includes sentence beat,rhyme beat and spot beat and Jie is used to command when singing the Xianghe songs,which was the drum using in Qing Music later. But it is completely different from another ＂Jie＂- a kind of command instrument with yak tail and like bamboo,the two cannot be confused.