北京话语气词变异形式的互动功能——以“呀、哪、啦”为例

Interactional Functions of the Sentence Final Particle Variables in Beijing Mandarin:A Case Study on ya,na and la

我们对北京话的考察发现,有大量用例不能如以往论著所述,从语流音变、形态音变或者合音得到解释。这些被视为变异形式的语气词,使用上具有语气类型、语体分布和言语行为类别的偏好。这种使用格局从清末民初的时候已经大致定型,其功能在于显示语句的施为性意义(illocutionary meaning)。这种将述谓句(constatives)变成一个施为句(performatives)的功能使得这些不符合音变规律的"呀、啦、哪"具有独立的价值。其句法后果是,不同语义类别的动词在与这些变异形式共现的时候,具有句类分布限制或者体现为不同的语气类型。

Based on conversational data of Beijing Mandarin from Late Qing Dynasty, this paper makes an investigation on the frequent variations of sentence final particles, such as ya （呀）, na （哪） and la （啦）, which used to be considered as distributional variables constrained by phonetic conditions. It is suggested that a lot of occurrences, which cannot be explained as phonetic variables in context, present illocutionary meaning of an utterance from the perspective of Speech Act Theory. In fact, they are ungrammatical in constative sentences and frequently serve to performatives delivering.