西藏农牧民贫困特征、类型、成因及精准扶贫对策

The Features,Types,Causes of Poverty and the Targeted- Poverty Alleviation Measures for Tibet Farmers

西藏贫困农牧民面临着收入增长慢、生存环境差、占有资源少、健康状况弱、劳动力素质低的困境。贫困人口类型复杂,包括生存环境脆弱型、生产资料贫乏型、经营意识薄弱型、人口压力过大型、人口健康缺陷型、多重因素复合型等。要紧紧把握"精准扶贫、精准脱贫"的总体思路,结合"两项制度衔接"政策,走出一条精准识别、精准扶持、精准管理、精准考核的精准脱贫路径。要不断探索和完善"整村推进"、"合作社+"、"龙头企业+"、"科研基地+"等扶贫开发模式,提高精准扶贫效果。重大扶贫措施是:推进民生大力改善,促进公共服务均等化;鼓励龙头企业创新发展,带动贫困农民就业增收;强化劳动力素质培养,增强农民就业能力;构建科技下乡服务体系,提高农牧民科学生产水平;稳妥实施移民搬迁工程;整合配置扶贫资源,提高扶贫开发综合效率。

The Tibet Autonomous Region is the largest area among the fourteen contiguous destitute areas which are determined by the Poverty Relief Office of the State Council. The Tibet Autonomous Region is the highest province of the poverty incidence and the sole poverty province in China. The Tibet Autonomous Region is the typical border regions, minority nationalities regions, and poverty regions. When we come into the twenty-first century, with the great support from our country and provinces aiding for the Tibet, under the strong leadership of the autonomous region party committees and governments at all levels, a series of targeted projects, which can let herdsmen get out of poor and become rich, have been carried out with spectacular results. At present, the broad masses farmers and herdsmen in the Tibet Autonomous Region have already completely gotten rid of the absolute poverty. The standards of living have already changed dramatically, with enough houses, clothes, and food. By the end of 2020, The Tibet Autonomous Region ensures to achieve the important goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way along with our country. This is not only in relation to economic great-leap-forward development and social stability of major economic and political problems for the Tibet Autonomous Region, but also is an important symbol for the prosperity of our country. However, in consideration of the high-cold climate, high elevation, fragile ecology, harsh environment, and the short decades from serf society to modem society, the infrastructure and the people＇s livelihood condition in the pastoral areas remains relatively weak, the industry level remains relatively low, the production method and life style of some farmers and herdsmen production is relatively backward, and a part of farmers and herdsmen are under a state of relative poverty in border areas, alpine areas, and rural areas. Because of its less family accumulation, poor resources condition, frequent natural disasters, and disease, some of the farmers and herdsmen which have escaped from poverty basically, also have the big vulnerability, they are easy to slide back into the poverty again. Therefore, the Tibet Autonomous Region still faces a variety of difficulties and challenges to achieve the goal of completely escaping from poverty for the masses of poverty farmers and herdsmen and building a well-off society in an all-round way. By the end of 2014, there are still 172 720 poverty households and 674 115 poverty population in the pastoral areas of the Tibet Autonomous Region. These poverty people are mainly distributed in the Xigaze and Qamdo cities, Naqu prefecture, and other areas. These poverty farmers and herdsmen still face with the restriction of the harsh survive resources and environment, backward traffic communication and other infrastructures, schooling problems, medical problems, employment problems, low income, and other related problems. Some farmers and herdsmen are lack of the ability and motivation to get rich, but rely on the government. In order to implement the strategy of precise poverty alleviation, this study divided the poverty types of the Tibet farmers and herdsmen into the fragile living environment type, poor means of production type, weak business sense type, large population stress type, defect population health type, and multiple element composite type on the basis of deep investigation. In view of the different types of poverty characteristics, this study proposed the adaptive paths and policy tools of getting rid of poverty and getting rich. This study suggested focusing on the strategy of the whole village to promote according to the Tibet characteristics. Meanwhile, the poverty alleviation and development policy combined with the lowest life guarantee policy, so called ＂two system cohesion＂ policy, walked out of a path of precise recognition, precise support and precise investment for poverty alleviation. This study proposed to drive the positive employment of the poverty farmers and herdsmen and cultivate their ability of self-development by paying attention to the development of pastoral areas production and cooperative mode. At last, we suggested that the Tibet Autonomous Region must further intensify the building of infrastructure and public services, promote the development of the industry, and in particular cultivate their ability of getting rid of poverty by paying attention to intensify the compulsory education and vocational education in order to realize the overall getting rid of poverty of farmers and herdsmen.