封闭集体产权到开放集体产权:治理现代化中的农民自由及权利保障

From Closed Collective Property Rights to Open Collective Property Rights: Security of Farmers' Rights and Freedoms in Modern Governance

集体产权是国家治理农村基层社会的重要经济基础,集体产权背后体现着"国家—社区—农民"的关系。计划经济时代,农村集体产权归人民公社集体所有,受到国家和政府的计划和调控,国家通过对农村集体产权的控制构造出来一个同质、一体的社会结构,束缚着个体的行动自由及发展空间。改革开放后,随着体制性变迁,国家向乡村社会赋权与放权,"国家—社区—农民"之间的关系变得更为弹性与灵活,乡村社会获得了对农村集体产权的实际运行权利,广大农民经济自由发展空间迅速扩展。在现代社会,原有产权制度改革释放的能量发挥达到极限,广大农民的自由发展再一次受到制约。进一步扩展广大农民的自由发展空间,保障新时期广大农民的各项经济社会发展权利及权益,需要国家再次向乡村社会赋权与放权,推动集体产权的深度分离与开放,以自由、权利保障及服务供给获得基层社会的认同与支持,增强基层社会的凝聚力与向心力,推动基层治理的现代化,促进社会和谐稳定发展。

The collective property right is an important economic basis of rural grass-roots social governance,and embodies the ‘country-community-farmers' relationship. In the planned economy era,the collective property right belonged to the people's communes collective,planed and controlled by the state and the government. Through the control of the collective property right,the government structures out a homogenous integration of the social structure to bound the farmers' individual freedom of action and development space. After the reform and opening up,with institutional changes,the country decentralized to the rural community,the relationship between ‘national-community-farmers' became more elastic and flexible,rural society obtained the practical operation of the rural collective property right,and farmers economic freedom development space expanded quickly. In the modern society,the energy released by the reform of original property right system was used to the extremes,and the broad masses of farmers got constrained again in the freedom of development. To ensure the further expansion of free development space of the broad masses of farmers,and to protect farmers' economic development rights and interests in the new period,the state needs to decentralize to the rural community,and promote the deepening of the collective property rights separation and opening-up. The state needs to win the support and recognition of grass-root society with freedom,right guarantee and service provision,strengthen the grass-roots social cohesion and centripetal force,promote the modernization of grassroots governance,and promote the development of social harmony and stability.