日本太空政策的转变:从“和平利用”到“军事利用”

On the Transformation of Japanese Space Policy:From “Peaceful Use”to “Military Use”

从冷战时代后期起,日本开始谋求突破1969年国会太空"和平利用"的决议。1998年日本决定发展信息收集卫星(实际上就是军事侦察卫星),并于2003年发射升空入轨,日本实际上迈进了太空军事利用的大门。2008年,《宇宙基本法》颁布并实施,要求太空系统为"国家安全"服务,从法律上彻底卸下了太空"和平利用"的包袱,打开太空军事利用之门。由此,日本太空军事化步伐加快。日本以碎步方式逐步迈向军事利用之路,既是"革命",又是"演进"。同时,日本太空军事利用从"防御性"转变为"进攻性"。日本寻求军事大国进而谋求政治大国,是日本太空军事利用的内生需求;朝鲜导弹与核活动,以及所谓的中国(太空)军事威胁,是日本太空军事利用的直接动力。美日军事同盟、美国亚太再平衡和太空再平衡战略是日本太空军事化的外在推手。日本太空军事利用助长了亚太和全球太空军备竞赛,同时给我国"一带一路"战略实施带来潜在的安全挑战与威胁。此外,有可能挑战美国太空霸权和全球霸权。

Japan began to break through the resolution of ＂peaceful use＂ on space made by diet in 1969 from the later period of Cold-war era. Japan decided to develop ＂Information Gathering Satellites＂ （ IGSs, which are military reconnaisanee satellites ）, which were launched into orbits in 2003. That is to say, Japan stepped in the door of military space use. Basic Space Law was issued and was carried out in 2008. The law required the space systems for national security, legally, which discharged the burden of peaceful use on space, and opened the door of military space use. So Japanese space militarization is speeding up. Japan＇s marching toward military space use step by step is a revolution, and a evolution. At the same time, Japanese military space use tuned into offensive from defense. The endogenous dynamics of Japanese military space use came from the facts that Japan seeks to be political power by the military power. The direct dynamics came from missile and nuclear activities of North Korea, and the called Chinese threats of （ space ） military. U. S. -Japan military alliance, and Asia-Pacific rebalancing strategy and space rebalancing of the United States were external factors. Japanese space military use is fostering the space arms race in Asian-Pacific region and in the whole world, and has negative effects on Chinese ＂One Belt and One Road＂ Initiative, imposing challenges and threats to this initiative. Maybe it challenges U. S. space and global hegemony.