远洋船舶上的食品和水源性疾病回顾性分析

Retrospective analysis of food-brone water-borne diseases on ocean-going vessels

目的通过分析总结世界卫生组织1970—2000年远洋船舶食品和水源性疾病暴发资料,为采取针对性的有效预防措施和制定相关的监管政策提供依据。方法利用数据库检索远洋船舶食品和水源性疾病暴发的相关文献资料,对船舶食品和水源性疾病的流行病学特征、发病原因、传播方式进行分析和总结。结果船舶食品和水源性疾病的病原体主要是细菌类和病毒类,较为常见的为诺沃克病毒、沙门菌、大肠杆菌、霍乱弧菌、痢疾杆菌等,其中诺沃克病毒造成感染性疾病暴发次数较多,伤寒沙门菌引起的感染性疾病受影响人群病情较重。结论船舶航行的客观因素造成了感染性疾病的高发;船舶食品和水源性疾病的病原体多来源于船上;采取多种预防监管措施可应对船舶食品和水源性疾病;运用HACCP管理系统确保食物和水源安全。

[Objective]To provide the basis for taking effective prevention measures and formulate relevant management policies by analyzing the outbreak data of food-borne and water-borne diseases on ocean-going vessels from 1970-2000 （issued by WHO）. [Methods]The documents about outbreaks of food-borne and water-borne diseases on ocean-going vessels were retrieved in database, to analyze and summarize the epidemiological characteristics, causes, and transmission route of food-borne and water-borne diseases on vessels. [Results]The main pathogens of food-borne and water-borne diseases on vessels were bacteria and viruses, chiefly including Norwalkvirns, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Shigella flexneri. The outbreak events caused by Norwalkvirus were mostly frequent, and the infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi was more serious. [Conclusion]The objective factors of vessels cause the high incidence of infectious diseases, and the pathogens of food-borne and water-borne diseases mainly come from vessels. The comprehensive prevention and management measures can control the food- borne and water-borne diseases on vessels, and HACCP system can ensure food and water safety.